Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología

Diferencias en el uso de marcos de referencia espacial en niños colombianos indígenas, rurales y urbanos

Melisa Alejandra Martínez Gallego, María Patricia Montañes Ríos — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The development of spatial cognition involves the use of frames of reference, defined as representation systems that provide coordinates around which objects are located. Spatial cognition has significant implications in daily life, in the development of other cognitive skills, and performance in science and technology areas. This study aimed to analyze differences in the use of spatial frames of reference among Colombian children in a rural context (arhuaco indigenous and non-indigenous) and children in an urban context through a descriptive correlational study. The sample consisted of 151 Colombian children (55 indigenous, 48 rural, and 48 urban children), ages 6 through 16, who performed two spatial cognition in which relative and absolute frames of reference were assessed. In all three groups, the use of all three frames of reference was found, but with a predominance of the absolute frame in indigenous children, even from early age, contrary to what was expected according to classical developmental assumptions. As differences are found in the use of spatial frames of reference in diverse cultural, linguistical, and geographical contexts, it is possible to think that these same differences could be evident in the development of other cognitive skills, which would be a contribution to theories of cognitive development and the construction of pedagogical strategies that include children from different cultural contexts.

La influencia de los estilos de apego adolescente, la ansiedad y las experiencias infantiles adversas (ACE) en el rendimiento escolar.

Marta Pous, Marc Pérez Burriel, Marta Sadurní Brugué — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

El propósito de este estudio es profundizar en la comprensión del fracaso escolar y la baja motivación para el aprendizaje presentada por algunos estudiantes de secundaria y bachillerato. Específicamente, analizamos variables que podrían estar relacionadas con este fenómeno, como el Modelo Interno de Trabajo de Apego (IWM, por sus siglas en inglés), el nivel de ansiedad y las Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia (ACE, por sus siglas en inglés), así como otras características sociodemográficas y familiares. La muestra consistió en 109 estudiantes de entre 13 y 20 años, 65 chicos y 74 chicas, matriculados en la misma escuela. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo correlacional utilizando el cuestionario CAMIR-R para la evaluación del modelo interno de apego, el STAI para el nivel de ansiedad y el cuestionario ACE para las experiencias adversas en la infancia. El rendimiento escolar se midió utilizando la nota media obtenida en las asignaturas estudiadas en el segundo trimestre. Los resultados muestran una relación significativa entre un modelo de apego seguro y un mejor rendimiento escolar. Los estudiantes con modelos de apego inseguros obtienen puntuaciones más altas en ansiedad y han estado expuestos a un mayor número de experiencias adversas en la infancia. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de los modelos de funcionamiento interno seguro en los procesos de aprendizaje. Se recomienda que se realicen investigaciones de este tipo con diferentes grupos de muestra e incluso sus posibles relaciones con las funciones ejecutivas.

In-group Bias, Aversion to Inequity, and Resource Distribution: Implications for Social Justice

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between inequity aversion, resource distribution, and intragroup bias in schoolchildren from a developmental perspective, as well as to establish the relationship between socio-educational variables and aversive responses. A total of 302 individuals aged between 11 and 23 years old (M = 16.45, SD = 2.95) participated in the study, engaging in a task assessing acceptance or rejection of resource distributions conditioned by the presence or absence of intragroup bias. The results indicate that intragroup bias generates significant differences in resource distribution; there is a negative correlation between aversion to advantageous inequity and the number of coins offered. Participants prefer to maintain their gains rather than distribute them in situations of inequity. This pattern suggests that interpersonal relationships influence resource distribution and reflect an adaptive behavior aiming to maintain cooperation and order within the group. Furthermore, a relationship was found between socioeconomic status and low aversion to disadvantageous inequity in the presence of intrasocial bias. In conclusion, it is proposed that intragroup bias influences resource distribution. At a social level, the failure to question whether a resource distribution is fair or not leads to the maintenance of inequity and inequality. The willingness of individuals to accept any outcome in order to obtain a gain implies a lack of critical thinking regarding justice.

Differences by gender and category in grit levels among Colombian taekwondo athletes

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Grit is a dispositional trait that refers to individual differences in the tendency to work hard to achieve long-term goals and to maintain effort and interest over years despite failure, adversity, and setbacks in progress. Objective: To identify differences by sex and category in the level of grit in a sample of Colombian taekwondo practitioners. Methodology: A non-experimental quantitative study of descriptive and correlational nature, with a cross-sectional design, conducted in a population of Colombian taekwondo practitioners. Grit levels were assessed using the scale of this construct. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to determine differences by sex and category in Colombian taekwondo practitioners. Results: Grit levels, perseverance, and consistency of interest are similar between men and women in this sample. Both grit and perseverance show identical medians and non-significant p-values (p <0.406 and p <0.315 respectively). Consistency of interest is also similar between both sexes, with p-values <0.843. Likewise, grit levels are similar in all three categories, with a common median of 3.25 and consistent percentile values. No statistically significant differences were found between categories for grit, perseverance, and consistency of interest, as their p-values exceed the typical threshold of statistical significance. Conclusions: The results revealed that there were no significant differences between sexes and categories, indicating notable consistency and little variability in grit levels within this population.

Relationship between Parental Practices and Disruptive Behaviors in Baccalaureate Students at an Educational Unit Cuenca-Ecuador

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Las prácticas parentales son estrategias utilizadas por padres en la crianza de los hijos para promover cuidado, protección y enseñanza. Basados en la teoría de Teoría de la Autodeterminación (TAD) existen prácticas parentales positivas que potencian un crecimiento psicológico sano; afecto, apoyo a la autonomía y la estructura y prácticas negativas como; el rechazo, el control psicológico y la desorganización, que permiten que se manifiesten conductas disruptivas, entendidas como comportamientos desadaptativos que distorsionan la dinámica en grupo y dificultan el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Por lo que, esta investigación buscó relacionar las prácticas parentales y las conductas disruptivas en estudiantes de bachillerato. La investigación trabajó con un enfoque cuantitativo, de alcance correlacional, con un diseño no experimental y de corte transversal. Se empleó el Cuestionario de Prácticas Parentales y la Escala de conducta Disocial (ECODI27). Los hallazgos más relevantes muestran relaciones leves entre Apoyo-Soporte con Robo y Vandalismo y Grafiti y relaciones moderadas entre; Control Psicológico con Travesuras, Pleitos y Armas y Conducta Oposicionista Desafiante. Se puede concluir que, a mayor percepción de prácticas parentales positivas, menos presencia de conductas disruptivas.

The Zen Personality

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the field of psychology and health sciences, there is a growing interest in recent decades in Buddhist practice and its positive impact on mental health. In this article, we will study the relationship between practice, community, and Buddhist beliefs on one hand, and personality and subjective temporality on the other. To do this, we conducted research with practitioners belonging to a Zen group in Barcelona. We used a mixed quantitative-qualitative design, including psychometric scales (Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire/Short-Form and Dark Future Scale) and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative sample consisted of 25 practitioners, who were compared with a religious and a non-religious group. We found significantly lower scores, with a medium effect size, in the Sensation Seeking-Impulsivity trait when comparing the Zen group with the non-religious group. In the 8 qualitative interviews conducted, we identified an "ascetic" profile among the practitioners. The studied Zen Buddhists could be described as spiritual seekers who, disenchanted with Catholicism and modern materialism, find their place in Zen practice and philosophy. Practitioners expressed in the interviews the impact of meditation - followed by beliefs and community, respectively - on impulse control, emotions, anxiety, behaviors, and thoughts. Summarizing, the current study suggests certain psychological characteristics of Zen Buddhists: an ascetic profile characterized by a certain disinterest and dissatisfaction towards Western values and socialization spaces, and a potential positive effect of zazen practice over the control of impulsivity, emotions, and behaviors.

Propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento para medir creencias en torno a la obesidad en una muestra mexicana.

Marcoantonio Villanueva Bustamante, Sofía Rivera Aragón — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Objectives. Obesity has become a public health problem in Mexico. Therefore, identifying the factors that favor its development and prevalence is an essential activity. In this sense, models from the psychological discipline propose that by approaching the beliefs associated with a phenomenon, it is possible to understand the causes of these beliefs. In this sense, the purpose of the present study is the adaptation and validation of the scale of beliefs about obese people (BAOP) for its application in the Mexican population. Methodology. A culturally relevant validation procedure was followed. First, the English items were translated and adapted into Spanish through a translation-translation process. The second step was to assess the relevance of these items through the evaluation of expert judges. Finally, the items were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis to determine the psychometric properties of the instrument. Results. Inter-judge agreement was assessed using Aiken's V. Based on the results, all items were found to be relevant and retained in the scale. Factor analysis revealed a single-factor structure consisting of six items, which accounted for 64% of the variance and had an adequate internal consistency index (ω = .880). Conclusion. In assessing beliefs about the controllability of weight, the scale obtained is consistent with the original proposal. This scale has adequate psychometric properties and is easy to administer due to its length and response format.

Keywords. Beliefs, BAOP, Overweight, Obesity, Cultural validation, Controllability.

Constructing and validating the Student Academic Satisfaction and Perception Questionnaire C-SPAE

Juan Pablo Lovey, Ana Borgobello — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This descriptive study aimed to develop and validate the Student Academic Satisfaction and Perception Questionnaire (C-SPAE). It belongs to a larger research project focused on university enrollment and retention, particularly in the context of increasing virtualization. Student satisfaction and academic perceptions are related to different types of both personal and institutional variables. Student satisfaction and academic perceptions are related to different types of both personal and institutional variables. Regarding the subjective aspects of students, academic satisfaction is linked to personal self-fulfillment through the achievement of goals, establishing itself as a cognitive component of psychological well-being. The institutional variables considered in the construction of the instrument were: faculty, didactic and pedagogical resources, infrastructure and financial resources, study plans and programs, institutional and management characteristics, administrative roles in the organization, empathy with the student body, use of ICT, modes of virtual courses, and student trajectories. The questionnaire, presented in an online format, employed five-point Likert scales along with open-ended questions ending each section. The items used in the Likert scales were: 1=Nothing - 5=A lot; 1=Never - 5=Always; 1=Very bad - 5=Excellent; 1=Very poor - 5=Excellent. A total of 131 valid responses were obtained. Reliability and validity analyses were carried out using the statistical software programs R and RStudio. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the overall construct was calculated at .897, and for each item ranged between .967 and 1, were obtained through Aiken's V method.