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Cognitive process implicit in protectional behaviors facing COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
Procesos cognitivos implicados en conductas de protección ante COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
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Ávila-Toscano, J. H., Hernández Chang, E. A., Marenco Escuderos, A., Herrera Bravo, M., & Rambal Rivaldo, L. (2022). Cognitive process implicit in protectional behaviors facing COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Revista Iberoamericana De Psicología, 15(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.33881/2027-1786.rip.15101
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Mar 21, 2022
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Risk or protection behaviors before viral diseases may be influenced on the way the population builds cognition about this reality, such cognitions are key to understand how people act with respect to situations that represent risks to their health. The main goal of this study is the evaluate the role of cognitive processes such as biases or false beliefs, behavioral intention and efficacy beliefs, in relation to COVID-19 disease, ensuring to determine its influence in protection behavior, including the possibility of vaccination. Through a cross-sectional predictive study, 794 people in Colombia were evaluated during the first pandemic peak of 2020, using online questionnaires and regression models were constructed to forecast the protection behaviors recommended by the World Health Organization (handwashing, social distancing, use of facemasks). The findings indicate A high frequency of bias control and illusory optimism, as well as high expectations of self-care effectiveness, which anticipate protection behavior and intention of getting vaccinated. From the results it is argued that Biases relative to optimism do not necessarily imply assuming exposition behavior towards the disease, on the contrary, it seems to have a functional paper in regards of self-care.
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References
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Bridges, C.B., Kuehnert, M.J., & Hall, C.B. (2003). Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings. Clinical infectious diseases, 37(8), 1094-101. 10.1086/378292
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Chater, A., Arden, M., Armitage, C., Byrne-Davis, L., Chadwick, P., Drury, J., (...) Thompson, S. (2020). Behavioural science and disease prevention. Psychological Guidance, 14(04).: https://bit.ly/32yW4OO
Cheng, C., & Ng, A.K. (2006). Psychosocial factors predicting SARS-preventive behaviors in four major SARS-affected regions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 222–247. 10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00059.x
Cho, H., Lee, J. S., & Lee, S. (2013) Optimistic bias about H1N1 Flu: Testing the links between risk communication, optimistic bias, and self-protection behavior. Health Communication, 28(2), 146-158. 10.1080/10410236.2012.664805
Concha, D., Bilbao, M., Gallardo, I., Páez, D., & Fresno, A. (2012). Sesgos Cognitivos y su Relación con el Bienestar Subjetivo. Salud y Sociedad, 3, 115-129. 10.22199/S07187475.2012.0002.00001
Da Costa, M. D., & Chapman, G. B. (2008). Do decision biases predict bad decisions? Omission bias, naturalness bias, and influenza vaccination. Medical Decision Making, 28(4), 532-539. 10.1177/0272989X07312723
Dillard, A. J., Midboe, A. M., & Klein, W. M. (2009). The dark side of optimism: Unrealistic optimism about problems with alcohol predicts subsequent negative event experiences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(11), 1540-1550. 10.1177/0146167209343124
Fernández, E., & Bermúdez, J. (2000). El pesimismo defensivo y el síndrome del impostor: Análisis de sus componentes afectivos y cognitivos. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 5(2), 115-130.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Prediction and change of behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York: Psychology Press.
Haridi, H.K., Salman, K.A., Basaif, E.A., & Al-Skaibi, D.K. (2017). Influenza vaccine uptake, determinants, motivators, and barriers of the vaccine receipt among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Hospital Infection, 96, 268-275. 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.02.005
Haselton, M. G., Nettle, D., & Murray, D. R. (2015). The evolution of cognitive bias. En: D. Buss. The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (2nd Ed.) (pp. 968-987). John Wiley & Son Inc. 10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych241.
Heininger, U., Bachler, M., & Schaad, U.B. (2003). Attitudes of pediatricians regarding influenza self-immunization: a survey in a Swiss university children’s hospital. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 22(5), 391-394. 10.1097/01.inf.0000066901.59298.a8
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., (…) Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Ibáñez-Vizoso, J.E., Alberdi-Páramo, Í., & Díaz-Marsá, M. (2020). International Mental Health perspectives on the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 13(2),111-113. 10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.04.002
Jalloh, M. F., Sengeh, P., Monasch, R., Jalloh, M. B., DeLuca, N., Dyson, M., Golfa, S., Sakurai, Y., Coteh, L., Sesay, S., Brown, V., Li, W., Mermin, J., & Bunnell, R. (2017). National survey of Ebola-related knowledge, attitudes and practices before the outbreak peak in Sierra Leone: August 2014. BMJ Global Health, 2(4). 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000285
Jefferson, A., Bortolotti, L., & Kuzmanovic, B. (2016). What is unrealistic optimism? Conciousness and Cognitions, 50, 3-11. 10.1016/j.concog.2016.10.005
Kim, H. K., & Niederdeppe, J. (2013). The role of emotional response during an H1N1 influenza pandemic on a college campus. Journal of Public Relations Research, 25(1), 30-50. 10.1080/1062726X.2013.739100
Lehmann, N., Ruiter, R., Chapman, G., & Kok, G. (2014). The intention to get vaccinated against influenza and actual vaccination uptake of Dutch healthcare personnel. Vaccine, 32, 6986-6991. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.034
Lehmann, B.A., Ruiter, R.A.C., Wicker, S., Van Dam, D., & Kok, G. (2014). “I don’t see an added value for myself”: a qualitative study exploring the social cognitive variables associated with influenza vaccination of Belgian, Dutch and German health care personnel. BMC Public Health, 14(407). 10.1186/1471-2458-14-407
Lim, L. (2009). A two-factor model of pessimism defensive and its relations with achievement motives. The Journal of Psychology, 143(3), 318-336. 10.3200/JRLP.143.3.318-336
Lopez, S. V., & Leffingwell, T. R. (2020). The role of unrealistic optimism in college student risky sexual behavior. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 15(2), 201-217. 10.1080/15546128.2020.1734131
López-López, W., Salas, G., Vega-Arce, C. A., Cornejo-Araya, M. B., & Yuh-Shan, H. (2020). Publications on COVID-19 in high impact factor journals: A Bibliometric analysis. Universitas Psychologica, 19, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeri ana.upsy19.pchi
Maltezou, H.C., Maragos, A., Katerelos, P., Paisi, A., Karageorgou, K., Papadimitriou, T., & Pierroutsakos, N. (2008). Influenza vaccination acceptance among health-care workers: a nationwide survey. Vaccine, 26, 1408-1410. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.049
Masiero, M., Lucchiari, C., & Pravettoni, G. (2015). Personal fable: Optimistic bias in cigarette smokers. International Journal of High Risk Behavior & Addicction, 4(1), e20939. 10.5812/ijhrba.20939
Ministerio de Salud de Colombia (2021). COVID-19 Colombia. Reporte 27-09-2021. Resumen diario. https://covid19.minsalud.gov.co/
Norem, J. K. (2008). Defensive pessimism, anxiety, and the complexity of evaluating self-regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 121-134. 10.5944/rppc.vol.5.num.2.2000.3892
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2021). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update. https://cutt.ly/jETIXTo
Raude, J., Debin, M., Souty, C., Guerrisi, C., Turbelin, C., Falchi, A., Bonmarin, I., Paolotti, D., Moreno, Y., Obi, C., Duggan, J., Wisniak, A., Flahault, A., Blanchon, T., & Colizza, V. (2020). Are people excessively pessimistic about the risk of coronavirus infection? Informe de Proyecto: An epidemic of fear? Behavioral, cognitive and emotional reaction to the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Europe. 10.31234/osf.io/364qj
Rojas-Murcia, C., Pastor, Y., & Esteban-Hernández, J. (2015). Ilusión de invulnerabilidad, estereotipos y percepción de control del SIDA en universitarios. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 6, 28-38. 10.1016/S2171-2069(15)70004-9
Rothman, A. J., Kein, W. M., & Weinstein, N. D. (1996). Absolute and relative biases in estimations of personal risk. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1213-1236. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01778.x
Rudisill, C. (2013). How do we handle new health risks? Risk perception, optimism, and behaviors regarding the H1N1 virus. Journal of Risk Research, 16(8), 959-980. 10.1080/13669877.2012.761271
Showers, C., & Rubens, C. (1990). Distinguishing defensive pessimism from depression. Negative expectations and positive coping mechanisms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 385-399. 10.1007/BF01172934
Sundaram, N., Duckett, K., Fu, C., Cheng, K., Sidhasta, S., Venkatachalam, I., Chow, A., & Yoong, J. (2018). I wouldn’t really believe statistics - Challenges with influenza vaccine acceptance among healthcare workers in Singapore. Vaccine, 36, 1996-2004. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.102
Torres-Salazar, C., Moreta-Herrera, R., Ramos-Ramírez, M., & López-Castro, J. (2019). Sesgo cognitivo de optimismo y percepción de bienestar en una muestra de universitarios ecuatorianos. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 29, 61-72. 10.15446/.v29n1.75853
Ubillos, S., Páez, D., Mayordomo, S., & Sánchez, F. (2003). Sesgos cognitivos y explicaciones asociadas como factores determinantes de las conductas sexuales de riesgo. Revista de Psicología Social, 18(3), 261-279. 10.1174/021347403322470855
Urzúa, A., Vera-Villarroel, P., Caqueo-Urízar, A., & Polanco-Carrasco, R. (2020). La Psicología en la prevención y manejo del COVID-19. Aportes desde la evidencia inicial. Terapia psicológica, 38(1), 103-118. 10.4067/S0718-48082020000100103
Vera-Villarroel, P. (2020). Psicología y COVID-19: un análisis desde los procesos psicológicos básicos. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología, 14(1). 10.7714/CNPS/14.1.201
Vera-Villarroel, P., Livacic-Rojas, P., Fernández, A., & Oblitas, L. (2015). Principales modelos teóricos en psicología de la salud. En: P. Vera-Villarroel & L. Oblitas (Dir.). Manual de Escalas y Cuestionarios Iberoamericanos en Psicología Clínica y de la Salud. PSICOM editores.
Bridges, C.B., Kuehnert, M.J., & Hall, C.B. (2003). Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings. Clinical infectious diseases, 37(8), 1094-101. 10.1086/378292
Carver, C., Harris, S., Lehman, J. M., Durel, L. A., Antoni, M. N., Spencer, S. M., & Pozo, C. (2000). How important is the perception of personal control? Studies of early stage breast cancer patient. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 139-149
Chang, E., Asakawa, K., & Sanna, L. (2001). Cultural variations in optimistic and pessimistic bias: Do easterners really expect the worst and westerners really expect the best when predicting future life events? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(3), 476-491. 10.1037//0022-3514.81.3.476
Chater, A., Arden, M., Armitage, C., Byrne-Davis, L., Chadwick, P., Drury, J., (...) Thompson, S. (2020). Behavioural science and disease prevention. Psychological Guidance, 14(04).: https://bit.ly/32yW4OO
Cheng, C., & Ng, A.K. (2006). Psychosocial factors predicting SARS-preventive behaviors in four major SARS-affected regions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 222–247. 10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00059.x
Cho, H., Lee, J. S., & Lee, S. (2013) Optimistic bias about H1N1 Flu: Testing the links between risk communication, optimistic bias, and self-protection behavior. Health Communication, 28(2), 146-158. 10.1080/10410236.2012.664805
Concha, D., Bilbao, M., Gallardo, I., Páez, D., & Fresno, A. (2012). Sesgos Cognitivos y su Relación con el Bienestar Subjetivo. Salud y Sociedad, 3, 115-129. 10.22199/S07187475.2012.0002.00001
Da Costa, M. D., & Chapman, G. B. (2008). Do decision biases predict bad decisions? Omission bias, naturalness bias, and influenza vaccination. Medical Decision Making, 28(4), 532-539. 10.1177/0272989X07312723
Dillard, A. J., Midboe, A. M., & Klein, W. M. (2009). The dark side of optimism: Unrealistic optimism about problems with alcohol predicts subsequent negative event experiences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(11), 1540-1550. 10.1177/0146167209343124
Fernández, E., & Bermúdez, J. (2000). El pesimismo defensivo y el síndrome del impostor: Análisis de sus componentes afectivos y cognitivos. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 5(2), 115-130.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Prediction and change of behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York: Psychology Press.
Haridi, H.K., Salman, K.A., Basaif, E.A., & Al-Skaibi, D.K. (2017). Influenza vaccine uptake, determinants, motivators, and barriers of the vaccine receipt among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Hospital Infection, 96, 268-275. 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.02.005
Haselton, M. G., Nettle, D., & Murray, D. R. (2015). The evolution of cognitive bias. En: D. Buss. The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (2nd Ed.) (pp. 968-987). John Wiley & Son Inc. 10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych241.
Heininger, U., Bachler, M., & Schaad, U.B. (2003). Attitudes of pediatricians regarding influenza self-immunization: a survey in a Swiss university children’s hospital. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 22(5), 391-394. 10.1097/01.inf.0000066901.59298.a8
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., (…) Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Ibáñez-Vizoso, J.E., Alberdi-Páramo, Í., & Díaz-Marsá, M. (2020). International Mental Health perspectives on the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 13(2),111-113. 10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.04.002
Jalloh, M. F., Sengeh, P., Monasch, R., Jalloh, M. B., DeLuca, N., Dyson, M., Golfa, S., Sakurai, Y., Coteh, L., Sesay, S., Brown, V., Li, W., Mermin, J., & Bunnell, R. (2017). National survey of Ebola-related knowledge, attitudes and practices before the outbreak peak in Sierra Leone: August 2014. BMJ Global Health, 2(4). 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000285
Jefferson, A., Bortolotti, L., & Kuzmanovic, B. (2016). What is unrealistic optimism? Conciousness and Cognitions, 50, 3-11. 10.1016/j.concog.2016.10.005
Kim, H. K., & Niederdeppe, J. (2013). The role of emotional response during an H1N1 influenza pandemic on a college campus. Journal of Public Relations Research, 25(1), 30-50. 10.1080/1062726X.2013.739100
Lehmann, N., Ruiter, R., Chapman, G., & Kok, G. (2014). The intention to get vaccinated against influenza and actual vaccination uptake of Dutch healthcare personnel. Vaccine, 32, 6986-6991. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.034
Lehmann, B.A., Ruiter, R.A.C., Wicker, S., Van Dam, D., & Kok, G. (2014). “I don’t see an added value for myself”: a qualitative study exploring the social cognitive variables associated with influenza vaccination of Belgian, Dutch and German health care personnel. BMC Public Health, 14(407). 10.1186/1471-2458-14-407
Lim, L. (2009). A two-factor model of pessimism defensive and its relations with achievement motives. The Journal of Psychology, 143(3), 318-336. 10.3200/JRLP.143.3.318-336
Lopez, S. V., & Leffingwell, T. R. (2020). The role of unrealistic optimism in college student risky sexual behavior. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 15(2), 201-217. 10.1080/15546128.2020.1734131
López-López, W., Salas, G., Vega-Arce, C. A., Cornejo-Araya, M. B., & Yuh-Shan, H. (2020). Publications on COVID-19 in high impact factor journals: A Bibliometric analysis. Universitas Psychologica, 19, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeri ana.upsy19.pchi
Maltezou, H.C., Maragos, A., Katerelos, P., Paisi, A., Karageorgou, K., Papadimitriou, T., & Pierroutsakos, N. (2008). Influenza vaccination acceptance among health-care workers: a nationwide survey. Vaccine, 26, 1408-1410. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.049
Masiero, M., Lucchiari, C., & Pravettoni, G. (2015). Personal fable: Optimistic bias in cigarette smokers. International Journal of High Risk Behavior & Addicction, 4(1), e20939. 10.5812/ijhrba.20939
Ministerio de Salud de Colombia (2021). COVID-19 Colombia. Reporte 27-09-2021. Resumen diario. https://covid19.minsalud.gov.co/
Norem, J. K. (2008). Defensive pessimism, anxiety, and the complexity of evaluating self-regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 121-134. 10.5944/rppc.vol.5.num.2.2000.3892
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2021). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update. https://cutt.ly/jETIXTo
Raude, J., Debin, M., Souty, C., Guerrisi, C., Turbelin, C., Falchi, A., Bonmarin, I., Paolotti, D., Moreno, Y., Obi, C., Duggan, J., Wisniak, A., Flahault, A., Blanchon, T., & Colizza, V. (2020). Are people excessively pessimistic about the risk of coronavirus infection? Informe de Proyecto: An epidemic of fear? Behavioral, cognitive and emotional reaction to the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Europe. 10.31234/osf.io/364qj
Rojas-Murcia, C., Pastor, Y., & Esteban-Hernández, J. (2015). Ilusión de invulnerabilidad, estereotipos y percepción de control del SIDA en universitarios. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 6, 28-38. 10.1016/S2171-2069(15)70004-9
Rothman, A. J., Kein, W. M., & Weinstein, N. D. (1996). Absolute and relative biases in estimations of personal risk. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1213-1236. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01778.x
Rudisill, C. (2013). How do we handle new health risks? Risk perception, optimism, and behaviors regarding the H1N1 virus. Journal of Risk Research, 16(8), 959-980. 10.1080/13669877.2012.761271
Showers, C., & Rubens, C. (1990). Distinguishing defensive pessimism from depression. Negative expectations and positive coping mechanisms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 385-399. 10.1007/BF01172934
Sundaram, N., Duckett, K., Fu, C., Cheng, K., Sidhasta, S., Venkatachalam, I., Chow, A., & Yoong, J. (2018). I wouldn’t really believe statistics - Challenges with influenza vaccine acceptance among healthcare workers in Singapore. Vaccine, 36, 1996-2004. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.102
Torres-Salazar, C., Moreta-Herrera, R., Ramos-Ramírez, M., & López-Castro, J. (2019). Sesgo cognitivo de optimismo y percepción de bienestar en una muestra de universitarios ecuatorianos. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 29, 61-72. 10.15446/.v29n1.75853
Ubillos, S., Páez, D., Mayordomo, S., & Sánchez, F. (2003). Sesgos cognitivos y explicaciones asociadas como factores determinantes de las conductas sexuales de riesgo. Revista de Psicología Social, 18(3), 261-279. 10.1174/021347403322470855
Urzúa, A., Vera-Villarroel, P., Caqueo-Urízar, A., & Polanco-Carrasco, R. (2020). La Psicología en la prevención y manejo del COVID-19. Aportes desde la evidencia inicial. Terapia psicológica, 38(1), 103-118. 10.4067/S0718-48082020000100103
Vera-Villarroel, P. (2020). Psicología y COVID-19: un análisis desde los procesos psicológicos básicos. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología, 14(1). 10.7714/CNPS/14.1.201
Vera-Villarroel, P., Livacic-Rojas, P., Fernández, A., & Oblitas, L. (2015). Principales modelos teóricos en psicología de la salud. En: P. Vera-Villarroel & L. Oblitas (Dir.). Manual de Escalas y Cuestionarios Iberoamericanos en Psicología Clínica y de la Salud. PSICOM editores.
